Outbreaks
Study links Yunnan soil profiles with historical rodent plague foci
A new Frontiers study suggests soil chemistry and texture may track with historical plague villages in Yunnan, though causality remains unproven.
Disease & outbreaks
Outbreak tracking, epidemiology, emerging diseases, zoonotic concerns, surveillance data.
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Outbreaks
Hantavirus anxiety is testing the next phase of client trust
A Veterinary Viewfinder episode ties hantavirus fears to vaccine hesitancy and the growing challenge of client trust.
Outbreaks
Study links resistant Salmonella in houbara bustard to UAE broilers
A new genomic study suggests spillover of multidrug-resistant Salmonella from UAE broiler poultry into captive houbara bustards.
Outbreaks
Colorado confirms first vesicular stomatitis premises of 2026
USDA confirmed Colorado’s first 2026 VSV-affected premises in Montezuma County, involving one horse on a five-horse property.
Outbreaks
Correction updates affiliation in CAPRV2023 qPCR surveillance paper
A Frontiers correction updates author affiliation details in a 2025 CAPRV2023 qPCR study, without changing the paper’s findings.
Outbreaks
Nigeria study examines parvo breakthrough infections in vaccinated dogs
A new study explores why vaccinated dogs in Nigeria still developed parvovirus while presenting with gastroenteritis.
Outbreaks
California case report links A. nymphii to severe disease in pigeon
A California necropsy case suggests Ascaridia nymphii can cause impaction and liver migration in a domestic pigeon.
Outbreaks
Study links Hypoderma diana to Manchurian wapiti deaths
A new report in Animals documents Hypoderma diana hypodermosis in Manchurian wapiti in Inner Mongolia.
Outbreaks
Seasonal woodcock data from Apulia point to a December peak
A new study used Beccapp data to track Eurasian woodcock abundance and age structure across three seasons in Apulia.
Outbreaks
Thailand study links public awareness and pig strains in S. suis hotspot
New research pairs community risk awareness with pig isolate typing in one of Thailand’s highest-incidence S. suis regions.
Outbreaks
Florida confirms strangles case at private Putnam County facility
One horse tested positive for strangles in Putnam County, Florida, and the quarantined facility has five exposed horses.
Outbreaks
H9N2 findings in swine renew focus on influenza surveillance
Research on H9N2 viruses in pigs in China highlights reassortment risk and the need for closer swine surveillance.
Outbreaks
Slovakia study links wildlife and dogs in tapeworm cycle
Molecular testing in Slovakia confirmed Taenia species in lynx, wolves, jackals, and domestic dogs.
Outbreaks
Study finds personal biosecurity gaps in Armenia and Moldova
Survey data found inconsistent PPE use and risky zoonotic exposure behaviors among livestock producers and veterinarians.
Outbreaks
Study examines curated footage as a biodiversity monitoring tool
A new Animals paper suggests curated footage could help fill gaps in biodiversity monitoring for conservation.
Outbreaks
Nebraska horse tests positive for respiratory EHV-1
A transported Quarter Horse in Douglas County, Nebraska, has tested positive for the respiratory form of EHV-1.
Outbreaks
Genomics study traces heartworm’s ancient spread across continents
A global sequencing study suggests canine heartworm spread through ancient canids, not just modern dog movement.
Outbreaks
Washington coyotes found carrying Echinococcus multilocularis
A UW study found the zoonotic tapeworm in 37% of sampled Puget Sound coyotes, raising new concerns for dogs and public health.
Outbreaks
Study tracks group A rotavirus in sika deer fawns in Jilin
New research adds to evidence that rotavirus is part of the diarrheal disease picture in farmed sika deer.
Outbreaks
Rabid dog in eastern New Mexico puts Curry County on alert
An unvaccinated dog in Curry County tested positive for rabies, exposing six people and renewing focus on vaccine compliance.
Outbreaks
Study tracks age-linked C. difficile colonization in piglets
A Tenerife study found C. difficile colonization peaked in 2-day-old piglets and disappeared by weaning.
Outbreaks
Vietnam dog roundworm study sets baseline before intervention
A new rural Vietnam study measures canine Toxocara burden before parasite control efforts begin.
Outbreaks
Kansas shelter parvo outbreak leaves one puppy dead
A parvo outbreak at Cowley County Humane Society has turned critical, renewing focus on shelter biosecurity and intake vaccination.
Outbreaks
Manitoba horse’s EIA case puts routine testing back in focus
A Manitoba horse tested positive for EIA after export screening, triggering movement controls and follow-up testing.
Outbreaks
Michigan reports new equine strangles cases in Marquette, Washtenaw
Two newly published Michigan strangles cases put veterinarians on alert for testing, quarantine, and follow-up.
Outbreaks
New review sharpens focus on canine influenza at the interface
A new Virology review says canine influenza merits closer One Health surveillance, even as human infection risk remains low.
Outbreaks
Second strangles case confirmed at Marquette County horse premises
A Michigan weanling colt tested positive for strangles, marking the second confirmed case at a quarantined Marquette County premises.
Outbreaks
Study suggests some ticks can persist indoors for up to 3 weeks
Ohio State researchers found lone star and Gulf Coast ticks can survive indoors on common flooring for days to weeks.
Outbreaks
Study maps Hyalomma ticks and pathogens in camels in Chad
A new study found four Hyalomma tick species on camels in Chad and detected pathogens with veterinary and zoonotic relevance.
Outbreaks
Texas A&M warns of distemper risk during summer pet adoptions
TVMDL is urging extra awareness of canine distemper as summer shelter crowding raises risk for newly adopted dogs.
Outbreaks
Wisconsin mare tests positive for strangles in Jefferson County
A Jefferson County mare linked to prior exposure at a rescue tested positive for strangles and is now under quarantine.
Outbreaks
Why heartworm prevention messaging is getting more attention
Veterinary teams are being urged to tighten how they explain year-round heartworm prevention and risk.
Outbreaks
Florida strangles case confirmed at private Putnam County facility
Florida officials confirmed one strangles case and five exposed horses at a private Putnam County facility.
Outbreaks
New review puts horses in the antimicrobial resistance spotlight
A new review argues horses are an overlooked source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in One Health planning.
Outbreaks
Study maps livestock heat stress risk across Thessaly
A new study uses ERA5-Land and THI to map livestock heat stress across Thessaly, Greece, from 2020 to 2025.
Outbreaks
Senecavirus A study traces how a swine look-alike spread globally
A new genomic analysis maps Senecavirus A evolution and spread, with implications for surveillance and differential diagnosis.
Outbreaks
U.S. adds emergency screwworm treatments as cases near border
EPA cleared imported Tanidil and FDA authorized Negasunt as the U.S. prepares for possible New World screwworm cases.
Outbreaks
Wildlife pathology gets renewed focus in One Health surveillance
A new Animals special issue highlights wildlife diagnostics as an early warning tool for animal and public health.
Outbreaks
California reports two more equine infectious anemia cases
San Joaquin and Fresno County cases extend California’s 2026 EIA activity and keep tracing efforts active.
Outbreaks
Why tick risk is becoming harder to predict in practice
Tick exposure is becoming more year-round and less geographically predictable, reshaping prevention and diagnostics.
Outbreaks
Brucella milk test study points to faster herd surveillance
A new study describes an immunomagnetic bead-based ELISA to detect Brucella in milk from dairy animals.
Outbreaks
Germany poultry study maps enteric viruses, adds sicinivirus genome
A southern Germany study found multiple enteric viruses in poultry flocks and reported the first complete avian sicinivirus genome.
Outbreaks
Oregon reports pigeon fever case in imported horse
A Benton County horse imported from California tested positive for pigeon fever, with one additional horse exposed.
Outbreaks
Influenza D study raises new spillover questions for veterinarians
Ohio State researchers found influenza D replicated efficiently in human airway cells, underscoring zoonotic surveillance concerns.
Outbreaks
Third strangles case confirmed at Michigan barn
A Genesee County barn has recorded its third confirmed strangles case, extending an outbreak first reported in late 2025.
Outbreaks
Dutch study estimates silent strangles carrier prevalence at 2%
A new Dutch survey found a 2.0% estimated prevalence of silent S. equi carriers in apparently healthy adult horses.
Outbreaks
Italy formalizes open geospatial system for marine stranding data
A new paper details GeoCetus, Italy’s open platform for tracking stranded cetaceans and marine turtles.
Outbreaks
Shanxi study adds baseline Neospora data for sheep and goats
A new Shanxi study gives veterinarians first baseline data on Neospora caninum exposure in local sheep and goats.
Outbreaks
Experimental H5N1 vaccine shows promise in dairy calves and mice
University of Nebraska–Lincoln researchers reported early H5N1 vaccine data showing strong immune responses in calves and protection in mice.
Outbreaks
Ontario Quarter Horse tests positive for strangles
A strangles case at a Wellington training facility adds to Ontario’s recurring equine biosecurity concerns.
Outbreaks
Mosquito season raises the stakes for equine vaccination
Texas A&M is urging horse pet parents and veterinarians to prioritize vaccination and mosquito control as seasonal arbovirus risk rises.
Outbreaks
Wisconsin mare’s strangles case exposes 40 horses in Jefferson County
A Jefferson County mare tested positive for strangles, with 40 horses exposed at a Wisconsin boarding facility.
Outbreaks
First PCR-confirmed feline hemoplasmosis case reported in Bosnia
A new case report highlights the first published PCR-confirmed feline hemoplasmosis case in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Outbreaks
California reports two more EIA cases tied to Stanislaus site
Two California horses tested positive for EIA, with both cases linked through training history to an affected Stanislaus County premises.
Outbreaks
Study tracks movement and pathogen exposure in California donkeys
A new study links free-roaming donkey habitat use in California with AHV-5 and SEZ exposure patterns.
Outbreaks
Washington strangles case highlights intake biosecurity gaps
A confirmed strangles case in Grant County, Washington, exposed four horses after a recent equid purchase.
Outbreaks
African swine fever keeps pressuring Nepal’s pig sector
A new analysis suggests Nepal’s ASF outbreak is broader and more damaging than official figures show.
Outbreaks
Review spotlights locally acquired leishmaniosis in U.S. animals
A new review says locally acquired leishmaniosis in U.S. dogs, cats, horses, and wildlife may be underrecognized.
Outbreaks
Chiggers on dogs return as a seasonal itch issue
Whole Dog Journal highlights chiggers as a common seasonal cause of intense itching in dogs after brush and grass exposure.
Outbreaks
Georgia boarding facility reports 1 confirmed, 15 suspected strangles cases
A Lumpkin County boarding facility is under quarantine after one confirmed and 15 suspected strangles cases.
Outbreaks
Indiana reports EHM case in Elkhart County horse
A 2-year-old draft stallion in Indiana tested positive for EHM, and two more horses are suspected.
Outbreaks
Warm-bodied sharks and tunas face rising heat stress in warming seas
A new Science study finds warm-bodied sharks and tunas burn far more energy, raising overheating risk as oceans warm.
Outbreaks
Why environmental surveillance is gaining ground in poultry AMR
A JAVMA review says U.S. poultry AMR surveillance misses key environmental reservoirs on farms.
Outbreaks
Rinderpest’s eradication still shapes disease control 15 years later
Tufts says rinderpest’s eradication offers practical lessons for today’s livestock disease campaigns.
Outbreaks
Maryland EHV-1 case ends in euthanasia at Anne Arundel barn
A Maryland horse with EHV-1 was euthanized, with 29 others exposed at an Anne Arundel County boarding facility.
Outbreaks
Wisconsin strangles case highlights rescue movement risks
A Jefferson County mare tested positive for strangles, adding to recent Wisconsin and Michigan alerts.
Outbreaks
Study flags low rabies titres in many imported dogs
Nearly half of imported dogs in an Ontario study had low rabies titres, raising questions about vaccine records and import safeguards.
Outbreaks
Thailand study tracks 10 years of animal poisoning cases
A Thai poison center review found pesticides led animal poisoning cases, with dogs most affected and neurologic or respiratory signs tied to death.
Outbreaks
Study maps gene changes in ALV and pullorum co-infection
A new poultry study suggests ALV and pullorum co-infection may trigger distinct multi-organ disease pathways.
Outbreaks
Global review finds PRRSV remains widespread in pigs and wild boars
A new meta-analysis underscores PRRSV's global reach and the continuing surveillance burden for swine veterinarians.
Outbreaks
UT launches Center for Pet Family Well-Being
The University of Tennessee is expanding its pet health equity work into a new center focused on access to care and pet-inclusive family well-being.
Outbreaks
New review spotlights horses in Europe’s West Nile surveillance
A new review argues equine sentinel surveillance can strengthen West Nile early warning across Europe.
Outbreaks
Review links borders and land use to wildlife disease risk
A new review says political borders and land-use change are reshaping wildlife movement, genetics, and disease risk in the Carpathian Basin.
Outbreaks
New reviews make the case for horses in West Nile early warning
New papers argue equine surveillance should play a bigger role in West Nile monitoring across Europe and beyond.
Outbreaks
Brazil foal study highlights limits of one-off enteric test results
A Brazil study found enteric pathogens in diarrheic and non-diarrheic foals, reinforcing the need to interpret fecal tests in clinical context.
Outbreaks
Brazil foal study sharpens the picture on diarrhea pathogens
A Brazil study suggests enteric pathogens may be common in foals with and without diarrhea, complicating test interpretation.
Outbreaks
Brazil study probes pathogen patterns in foals with and without diarrhea
A Brazilian study compares enteric pathogen detection in diarrheic and healthy foals, highlighting the limits of PCR-only interpretation.
Outbreaks
Swiss study links farm type to antimicrobial use in cattle and pigs
Swiss reporting data found higher antimicrobial use in dairy cattle on mixed farms, but lower use in finisher pigs.
Outbreaks
Rabies treatment debate turns against the Milwaukee Protocol
A new review argues the Milwaukee Protocol should be abandoned, putting the focus back on rabies prevention.
Outbreaks
Virginia confirms equine strangles case in Loudoun County
A Morgan mare in Loudoun County tested positive for strangles after a recent horse movement exposed eight horses.
Outbreaks
Bird flu passes 200 million birds as spring migration ramps up
The U.S. H5N1 outbreak has crossed 200 million birds and is entering a high-risk spring migration period.
Outbreaks
U.S. bird flu enters spring’s highest-risk window
As wild birds migrate, veterinarians face another high-stakes H5N1 season across poultry and livestock.
Outbreaks
Wisconsin rescue mare’s strangles case highlights intake risk
A Wisconsin mare from a rescue tested positive for strangles, underscoring quarantine and intake biosecurity gaps.
Outbreaks
Michigan strangles case highlights ongoing equine biosecurity gaps
A Michigan gelding’s strangles case, and a murky Wisconsin report, underscore the need for tighter intake quarantine and monitoring.
Outbreaks
Wisconsin mare with rescue history tests positive for strangles
A quarantined Jefferson County mare highlights ongoing strangles risk tied to horse movement and rescue intake.
Outbreaks
Wisconsin strangles case exposes 40 horses at Jefferson County barn
A Wisconsin mare tested positive for strangles, with 40 horses exposed at a Jefferson County boarding facility.
Outbreaks
Mpumalanga lab data point to brucellosis surveillance hotspots
A South African study found bovine brucellosis RBT positivity shifted by year, season, and district from 2021 to 2024.
Outbreaks
Yale study suggests SARS-CoV-2 is declining in animals
New Yale findings suggest current SARS-CoV-2 variants may be less likely to infect and spread among animals.
Outbreaks
WormsAndGermsMap returns as a real-time disease tracking tool
Worms & Germs has revived its companion animal disease map, aiming to improve early visibility into infectious disease trends.
Outbreaks
California confirms 2 EIA cases in Stanislaus County horses
Two Quarter Horses in Stanislaus County tested positive for EIA, prompting quarantine and testing of 25 exposed horses.
Outbreaks
Two California horses test positive for equine infectious anemia
Two Quarter Horses in Stanislaus County tested positive for EIA, prompting quarantine and retesting of 25 exposed horses.
Outbreaks
Florida horse euthanized after contracting strangles
A Columbia County strangles case ended in euthanasia, highlighting ongoing biosecurity risks for Florida equine facilities.
Outbreaks
UW researchers study tick hosts to sharpen disease control
A UW Vet Med project is tracing the hosts behind blacklegged ticks to improve Lyme disease prevention.
Outbreaks
UW Vet Med study zeroes in on tick ecology and Lyme risk
UW researchers are studying blacklegged tick ecology to improve control strategies as Lyme risk expands.
Outbreaks
Ontario training-facility Quarter Horse tests positive for strangles
A strangles case at an Ontario training facility adds to ongoing 2025 surveillance activity in the province.
Outbreaks
China review finds ongoing human and canine leptospirosis burden
A new meta-analysis suggests leptospirosis remains a meaningful One Health challenge across China.
Outbreaks
Review maps Potomac horse fever pathogen’s global footprint
A new review suggests Potomac horse fever ecology and risk may be broader than many clinicians assume.
Outbreaks
Leptospirosis remains a One Health surveillance gap in China
A new review finds persistent human and canine leptospirosis risk in China despite long-term declines in reported human incidence.
Outbreaks
New reviews widen the map for Potomac horse fever risk
Two new reviews suggest Neorickettsia risticii risk may be broader than traditional Potomac horse fever maps imply.
Outbreaks
Urban giant African snails in Sarawak show helminth burden
A Sarawak study found 44% of urban giant African land snails carried helminths, underscoring One Health risks in human-animal environments.
Outbreaks
Kansas boarding barn reports equine influenza case in Quarter Horse
A Quarter Horse mare in Ellis County, Kansas, tested positive for equine influenza after developing respiratory signs.
Outbreaks
Kansas horse flu case puts boarding-barn biosecurity in focus
A Quarter Horse in Ellis County, Kansas, tested positive for equine influenza and is recovering.
Outbreaks
Review raises foodborne questions around Rhodococcus equi
A new review says livestock-associated Rhodococcus equi strains may matter more for human health than previously recognized.
Outbreaks
Maryland horse euthanized after EHV-1 case in Anne Arundel County
A Maryland horse was euthanized after testing positive for EHV-1, with 29 exposed horses under watch.
Outbreaks
Maryland EHV-1 case ends in euthanasia at boarding facility
A Maryland horse was euthanized after testing positive for EHV-1, with 29 horses reported exposed in Anne Arundel County.
Outbreaks
Bovine TB papers spotlight surveillance gaps in Mexico and Latin America
Two new papers argue bovine tuberculosis remains underrecognized in Latin America, with diagnostics shaping how risk is measured.
Outbreaks
Zoetis Foundation expands AVMF scholarships to $2.25 million
Zoetis Foundation and AVMF are expanding scholarships for veterinary and veterinary technician students starting in 2026.
Outbreaks
Equine influenza case confirmed in Montana
A quarantined horse in Gallatin County, Montana, tested positive for equine influenza.
Outbreaks
UK equine flu study ties autumn risk to horse movements
UK surveillance data link equine influenza outbreaks to autumn horse movements, especially recent arrivals from Ireland.
Outbreaks
Environmental sampling may outperform bird swabs in live poultry markets
A Duke-NUS-led study found air and cage sampling detected more poultry viruses than bird swabs in Cambodian live markets.
Outbreaks
Study finds H5N1 widespread in dead black vultures
UGA researchers found H5N1 in more than 84% of dead black vultures tested across seven Southeastern states.
Outbreaks
Black vulture study raises concern about year-round H5N1 spread
A UGA study found H5N1 in 84.3% of dead black vultures tested, pointing to possible year-round circulation.
Outbreaks
Study links toxocariasis exposure and eye findings in people, dogs
A southern Brazil study found 32.7% human Toxocara seropositivity and suggests canine eye findings may reflect shared exposure risk.
Outbreaks
Mexico regains relative stability after CJNG retaliation
Mexico is stabilizing after post-CJNG violence, but veterinary logistics and surveillance could still feel aftershocks.
Outbreaks
Mexico steadies after CJNG violence, but risks remain
Security conditions in Mexico are improving after CJNG reprisals, though supply and travel risks remain.
Outbreaks
Study supports proviral-load-based BLV control in Wagyu herds
A 7-year Japanese study found separation and selective culling reduced BLV prevalence in breeding Wagyu cattle.
Outbreaks
Delaware reports presumptive H5 HPAI in Kent broiler flock
A Kent County broiler flock was quarantined and depopulated after Delaware reported a presumptive H5 HPAI detection.
Outbreaks
Study links pets to spread of invasive flatworm in France
A new study suggests dogs and cats can carry an invasive land flatworm on their fur, creating a new pathway for spread.
Outbreaks
Novel kirkovirus linked to equine colitis cases in early study
NC State researchers found a new kirkovirus more often in horses with colitis, but causation remains unproven.
Outbreaks
Natasha George highlights shelter medicine’s expanding role
A University of Arizona student profile underscores growing momentum behind shelter medicine, One Health, and access-to-care training.
Outbreaks
Nipah spillover risk puts veterinarians back in the prevention chain
A limited Nipah outbreak in India is renewing focus on how veterinarians can help prevent spillover before livestock or people amplify it.
Outbreaks
H5N1 cases in a Washington cat and Dutch cows sharpen vigilance
A dead cat in Washington and seropositive Dutch dairy cows highlight H5N1 surveillance gaps across species.
Outbreaks
H5N1 updates put cats and cattle back in focus
A Washington cat death and Dutch dairy serology add fresh signals on H5N1 spillover across species.
Outbreaks
Study links some dog foods to higher climate impact than pet parents’ diets
A UK study found wet, raw, and meat-rich dog foods can carry far higher emissions than dry diets.
Outbreaks
UK tick-borne disease risk is widening for pets and people
UK surveillance and veterinary guidance show a broader, more complex tick-borne disease threat, including Lyme disease and canine babesiosis.
Outbreaks
Why the UK tick-borne disease threat is changing for dogs
Lyme disease remains the main UK tick threat, but babesiosis and shifting surveillance data are changing the veterinary picture.
Outbreaks
UK tick risks shift as Lyme and babesiosis concerns evolve
UK surveillance and prior outbreak data suggest tick-borne disease risks are becoming more dynamic for pets, vets, and public health.
Outbreaks
Why the UK tick threat is becoming harder to predict
New surveillance suggests UK tick risks are shifting, with implications for Lyme disease and canine babesiosis.
Outbreaks
Tick threats are shifting for UK pets, vets, and public health
New UK data show tick risk is broadening, with Lyme disease pressure and babesiosis still on the veterinary radar.
Outbreaks
Cornell podcast highlights behavior’s role in outbreak dynamics
Cornell’s Ana Bento says outbreak models work better when they account for behavioral change, not just pathogen biology.
Outbreaks
Cornell spotlights behavior as a key factor in outbreak spread
A new Cornell podcast argues outbreak models work better when they account for how behavior changes transmission.
Outbreaks
Behavior belongs in outbreak models, Cornell expert says
A new Cornell veterinary podcast argues that behavior can change how outbreaks spread, and how well interventions work.
Outbreaks
Spain’s ASF outbreak tests biosafety, wildlife control, and trust
Spain’s 2025 ASF outbreak near Barcelona raised lab-origin questions before genomic analysis pointed elsewhere.
Outbreaks
Parvo cases pressure clinics as vaccine gaps widen
Parvo clusters are straining clinics and shelters as under-vaccination and access gaps leave more puppies exposed.
Outbreaks
Companion animals move into sharper focus in H5N1 response
Cats are emerging as a key H5N1 risk group, pushing vets to rethink triage, PPE, testing, and raw diet counseling.
Outbreaks
H5N1 puts new pressure on companion animal practice
Cats are emerging as a key H5N1 concern, with raw milk and raw pet food now central to veterinary risk discussions.
Outbreaks
Companion animals and H5N1: What vets and pet parents should know
Federal agencies are warning that raw food, raw milk, and farm exposures can put cats and dogs at risk for H5N1.
Outbreaks
H5N1 guidance sharpens for cats, dogs, and veterinary teams
New guidance puts cats, raw diets, and clinic biosafety at the center of the H5N1 conversation.
Outbreaks
H5N1 keeps cats, raw pet food, and exposure history in focus
As H5N1 spreads across species, veterinarians are being urged to watch cats, raw diets, and household exposure risks.
Outbreaks
H5N1 risk in companion animals is becoming a clinic issue
Federal guidance is sharpening around H5N1 risks in cats, raw diets, and veterinary infection control.
Outbreaks
VETgirl podcast spotlights Echinococcus risk and One Health prevention
A new VETgirl episode highlights praziquantel, client education, and the veterinary role in reducing zoonotic Echinococcus risk.
Outbreaks
Fear Free podcast spotlights practical feline infectious disease risks
A Fear Free Pets episode revisits feline infectious disease prevention, testing, and clinic-ready protocols.
Outbreaks
Pig disease control still starts with management basics
New and existing guidance shows pig health outcomes still depend on strong farrowing, colostrum, weaning, and biosecurity practices.